# Why One Agent Is Not Enough

**June 3, 2026**

A single agent, no matter how smart, hits three ceilings.

## The Context Ceiling

One agent doing everything means one context window holding everything. File contents, database schemas, business logic, deployment configs — they all compete for the same limited space. A 100K token codebase leaves zero room for the actual task.

## The Capability Ceiling

A generalist agent is mediocre at everything. A specialized agent — backend dev, security reviewer, UI designer — outperforms the generalist in its domain by a wide margin. You wouldn't ask your frontend dev to write SQL migrations. Why ask your agent to?

## The Reliability Ceiling

One agent failing = everything fails. Multi-agent systems degrade gracefully. If the reviewer agent crashes, the builder keeps working. If the planner goes down, deployed agents continue running.

## The Solution: Depth-2 Delegation

The production-proven pattern:

```
User
  |
  v
Orchestrator (Opus-level, thinking only)
  |
  +-- Planning Team Lead
  |     +-- Product Manager (worker)
  |     +-- UX Researcher (worker)
  |
  +-- Engineering Team Lead
  |     +-- Frontend Dev (worker)
  |     +-- Backend Dev (worker)
  |
  +-- Validation Team Lead
        +-- QA Engineer (worker)
        +-- Security Reviewer (worker)
```

Leads think, plan, and delegate. Workers execute. The orchestrator never touches code.

## When to Go Multi-Agent

You need multiple agents when any of these are true:
- **Different expertise required** — Your task needs a planner, a coder, a reviewer, and a security auditor
- **Parallel work possible** — Multiple sub-tasks can run simultaneously
- **Failure cost is high** — You want a second agent to catch mistakes before they ship
- **Context exceeds one window** — Split across specialized agents

If none of these are true, a single well-configured agent is simpler and cheaper.

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*This is an excerpt from Module 4 of the [Agentic Engineering Course](/). The full module includes runnable lab code for building multi-agent systems with domain locking, mental models, and P2P communication.*
